The role of individuals in antitrust enforcement actions: it's personal!

Over the years, an increasing number of jurisdictions have decided to follow the U.S. example by making it possible to go not only after companies but also after individuals who were involved in violating competition rules, creating an important additional personal incentive to comply with these rules. The theory is that ‘making it personal’ by sanctioning individuals in some way may be a more effective deterrent to cartels than imposing high fines on companies.